The spread of habitat,Gmelina arborea Roxb

Family: Verbenaceae
Vernacular / common names: white teak (Indonesia), gamari, gumadi (India), gamar (Bangladesh), yemane (Myanmar).

The spread of habitat
Natural spread in Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Southern China. In the natural forests of this type are always scattered and clustered with other types. Found in evergreen forests in Myanmar and Bangladesh, and shed leaves in the dry forests of Central India. Been planted widely in different countries of Southeast Asia including Indonesia, West Africa and South America.

Utilization
Especially as lightweight construction materials and pulp. Some parts of the tree can be used for medicine and leaves for animal feed

Description of botanical
Tree of medium size, height can reach more (30-40) m, cylindrical rod, the average diameter of 50 cm is sometimes reached 140 cm. Smooth or scaly skin, the color of brown to gray. Leaves smooth or downy. Bright yellow flowers, clustered in large bunches (30-350 flowers per bunch). Crossed leaf, serrated or bercuping, heart-shaped, size 10-25 cm x 5-18 cm. Flowers perfect, reaching over 25 mm long, tubular with 5 pieces of the crown. Flowers bloom at night. Bee pollination is generally done.

Fruit and seed description
Fruit: fleshy, 20-35 mm long, shiny skin, mesokarp soft, slightly sweet.
Seed: hard as a rock, 16-25 mm long, smooth, one end rounded, the other end pointed. Consists of 4 rooms, 5 rooms are rarely encountered. At least one chamber containing the seed, rarely in a single fruit seeds consist of two stones.

Increased seed size according to seed size, ie length of 6-9 mm. 1000 grain weight of seed stones about 400 gr. Flowering and fruiting flowering and fruiting every year. On the distribution of natural temperate seasons, began flowering in the dry season when trees shed leaves. Outside the natural distribution of winter climates, flowering and fruiting period is unclear, flowers and fruits appear all year around. Mature fruits occurred 1.5 months after flowering.

Harvest of fruit
Fruit is generally collected on the forest floor. Ripe fruit that falls may still green, then turns yellow after a week. About two weeks, the fruit from turning brown and after three weeks of being blacklisted. The collection is better done when still green or yellow. Seed germination of brown or black fruit is very low. Because not all fallen fruit and cook at the same time, the fruit is collected twice a week for several months of collection. Before collecting the fruit, shrubs and weeds on the forest floor is cleaned. Fruit production is affected age
stands, and ecological conditions of the stand. Seed production (seed stones) ranged 30-170 kg / ha / year.

Handling and processing of seeds
Transporting fruit to the processing site should be in an open basket or net, put a plastic bag with ja. To prevent fermentation, the fruit immediately transported to an autoclave in 24 hours, especially fruit that has yellow or brown. Be careful because the damage to the fruit flesh of the fruit starts fermenting
is damaged. In place of processing, the fruit should be sorted within the group are processed immediately (yellow and brown) and groups that require post-harvest ripening (yellowish green).

Cooking is done in the shade with a spread of 10-15 cm-thick pieces to turn yellow. Sorting it lasted 1 week. Peeling the fruit meat in small quantities is done manually with meggosok fruit flesh it out and then washed with water. In large quantities, use a paring machine coffee.

Soaking the fruit 24 hours prior to stripping will facilitate the release of the fruit flesh. After stripping, the fruit is spread on a wire sieve and then quenched in water to clear mucus and flesh of fruit. The remaining pulp is usually still attached to seeds after stripping, so cleaning up manually by rubbing the seeds with sand mixed with water or mechanically (also with sand) using a cement mixer. The final stage, the beans are washed and dried (2-3 days). Storage
Levels of 5-8% dry seeds stored in a temperature of 4-5 ° C can survive several years without any decrease in germination. Because drying is difficult to reduce levels of water below 10%, then the seeds should be in the oven (35-50 ° C) for long term storage. If the seed be sown in a period of one year after the drying process, then storing in an airtight container is adequate. To avoid the rat
should be stored in metal containers.

Dormancy and pretreatment
Seed dormancy is not and does not require pretreatment. Before sowing the seeds should be soaked in cold water for 24-48 hours.

Sowing and germination
Seeds are sown in beds of sand-covered ground or a thin layer of soil or sand. Gmelina including epigeal germination (cotyledons lifted from the ground). Depending on the initial conditions for seed germination, hard skin will be left behind or lifted and the remaining seeds may still germinate. Seeds usually germinate quickly in large quantities. Germination is often over 100%, because of one single seed sprouts grow more. The optimal germination temperature 30 -31 ° C. Low temperatures reduce germination.

Seedling beds placed in the sun, full shade or partial lower germination. Subsequently weaned sprouts in a plastic bag.

Bibliography
Lauridsen, E.B. 1986. Leaflet No. 6 seed. June 1986.
Gmelina arborea, Linn. Danida Forest Seed CentreHumlebaek, Denmark.
Soerianegara, I. & R.H.M.J. Lemmens (eds), 1994.
Timber trees: Major Commercial Timbers. Plant resources of South - East Asia No. 5 (1) PROSEA Foundation, Bogor. Indonesian.